Profitability Analysis Essay - 1556 Words

BAE Business report on Woolworths Limited Student name: Can CAO (Phil) Student number: 32174 Class: BAE 5 Date: 18 June 2013 Word count: 1307 Table of contents Executive summary--------------------------------------------------------1 1 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------2 2 Evaluation of ethical behavior---------------------------------------3 3 Evaluation of profitability analysis---------------------------------4 4 Conclusion and recommendation----------------------------------8†¦show more content†¦However, the company rejected to participate in the gambling reforms, which made it impossible to help addicted problem gamblers (Willingham 2012, para 1). It is an indisputable fact that Woolworths’ behavior is extremely unethical due to the ignorance of social responsibility, which is an important factor in running a business. Woolworths certainly can make massive profits from gambling machines in the short term, but in the long term its unethical behavior will damage enterprise image and harm the company’s reputation. This unethical behavior of Woolworths made their customers lose confidence, by which meant it may be in danger of losing its business. Moreover, it will have a huge influence on young teenagers, especially those under 18 years old, as most of them are not self- disciplined. As a socially responsible company, Woolworths limited should take into account this unethical behavior and take immediate steps to correct it. The primary goal of the ethical investor is to get profit from ethical investment, but Woolworths did not perform well in ethics. 3. Evaluation of profitability analysis Making profit is the major goal of all business entity. Without profitability the business entity will not survive in the long term. Measuring the profitability of Woolworths is helpful for an ethical investor who wants to achieve the best return on investment. 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Romà ¡n ABSTRACT: This case exposes students to the application of regression analyses to be used as a tool pursuant to understanding cost behavior and forecasting future costs using publicly available data from Continental Airlines. Speciï ¬ cally, the case focuses on Read MoreA Case Study on Cost Estimation and Profitability Analysis at Continental Airlines8979 Words   |  36 PagesA Case Study on Cost Estimation and Profitability Analysis at Continental Airlines Francisco J. Romà ¡n Introduction In 2008, the senior management team at Continental Airlines, commanded by Lawrence Kellner, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, convened a special meeting to discuss the firm’s latest quarterly financial results. A bleak situation lay before them. 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Fast Food Leads to a Fast Death - 782 Words

Fast food, the leading causes of obesity, leads to a fast death. The very things we eat to stay alive may very well be our downfall in the end. Fast food is becoming a part of an unhealthy American lifestyle, and as a consequence of over consumerism more and more health and economic issues are arising and becoming relevant in our population. In the United States, fast food poses major medical tissues to the population. Most of it starts with overconsumption. When fast food is eaten three times more a week, many medical risks are heightened for younger people. The risk for asthma, diabetes, and heart problems rises rapidly for kids who consume Fast food three plus times a week. : A 39% increased asthma risk for teens and a 27% increased asthma risk for younger adolescent population. (Phillip-#5)† Several long term health conditions are linked to obesity and Fast Food.† Things such as diabetes, stroke, joint disorders, heart disease and cancers.†(Phillip#3). Our body is very reliable on chemical stability, so any actuation can have serious consequences. Depression can be triggered by poor serration and insulin levels. Serotonin regulates emotions and anxiety while insulin regulates glucose in red blood cells. Poor diet, leads to unbalanced chemicals which causes the brain to malfunction. â€Å"People who eat fast food) three times more a week had 2-fold insulin resistance than those who ate it only once a week.†(Phillip#2) The obesity and fat percentage comes into playShow MoreRelatedObesity And Fast Food1444 Words   |  6 Pagesleading cause of deaths after tobacco use in the United States? In the United States, obesity is one of the public health issues that causes thousand of deaths. When a person’s body mass index shows an extremely high number, he or she is considered having obesity. It is important because it is a serious health problem due to mortality and morbidity. In addition, eating many unhealthy food and lacking exer cises lead to dangerous chronic illnesses which then leads to premature death. Lifestyle choicesRead MoreEating : A Responsibility For Life969 Words   |  4 PagesResponsibility for Life Everyday, each individual makes approximately 200 food and drink choices. Food is a physiological necessity for people; it guarantees the survival, the growth and the development of human beings. The human body could be compared as a machine that in order to function properly it needs the right fuel. However, not all the foods are good. The wrong kind could burn out the whole machine as well as eating junk food can destroy the body by causing numerous health complication. One ofRead MoreTime to Junk Junk Food656 Words   |  3 Pagesjunk junk food Tired, crabby, or unfocused in class? Perhaps it’s the food you are eating. The excessive intake of junk food and the lack of healthy food has recently become a serious problem among people. There are many reasons to get rid out of junk food and replace it by a good healthy diet. Although many people believe that junk food is more tasty than healthy ones and provide the body with energy, it contributes in obesity and leads to addiction. Fast food is a majorRead MoreHow Fast Food Is Addictive1436 Words   |  6 Pagestopic of fast food, most of us will readily agree that it’s unhealthy. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether it causes addiction. While some are convinced that it doesn’t, others are convinced that advertisements help brain wash the new generation. Along with the chemicals added to the fast food to help contribute to the addiction cycle. My own view is that fast food is addictive. In my point of view fast food is addictive because it seems that the more fast foodRead MoreInformative Speech- Fast Food Essays865 Words   |  4 PagesFast Food Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about fast food in the United States and its effects. Central Idea: The history of fast food, the effects of eating fast food, and its effect on the United States. Introduction I. Anywhere you go, there is a good chance there will be a fast food restaurant nearby. A. It’s the easy way out of cooking dinner, or grabbing something fast because you didn’t have time to make anything. B. Fast food may taste good, but have you ever thoughtRead MoreFast Food Vs Healthy Food Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesFast food has been an extremely evident food supplier in the past 10 years, so I have decided to investigate further into the fast food world. I am looking into the â€Å"battle† between fast food and healthy food, and why fast food is so cheap compared to healthy food. There’s something about fast food, I have just been so passionate about it, and have always wondered what’s in fast food and why is it so inexpensive. I feel like fast food ingredients and prices should be expressed to the public, in whichRead MoreFast Food Contain Harmful Food Additives1419 Words   |  6 PagesDate: 11/11/2012 Fast Food Contain Harmful Food Additives In America, fast food chains are a significant symbol of the American traditional food trends which expand widely and grow fast all over the world. Thus, a large number of Americans eat fast food as their daily diet. However, these tasty fast foods are highly processed foods which are filled with plenty of chemicals, additives and preservatives. 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Business Organization Free Essays

I started my Lawn Mowing Service as a sole proprietorship. I bought the lawn mover, edge trimmer, gasoline, and rake. I mowed neighbor’s yards. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now I got all the profits. If I did a bad job, or could not mow because of weather, I took a loss. I was very successful and made a lot of money and had 100 yards to tend every month. But I got tired of mowing 100 yards a month and working between 10 and 12 hour days. I needed help. I asked my parents if they would help and I would pay them half of what I made on each yard they mowed. They said: â€Å"No, we want the full amount for each yard mowed. The only way that they would be able to get the full amount is to produce their own yard service tools. If I had to provide them, I did not want to lose money for my material. We agreed to a deal that everything would be 50/50. This is when we formed a partnership. We agreed to 50/50 as they would take half the work and produce half the equipment needed. Even though it was my idea and business, 50/50 is better than no help at all and they are footing half the expenses. With this help, my business was growing faster and we were making money like crazy. With our business growing, other members of the family wanted in on the action. However, none of them wanted to actually work directly on the business as they had other jobs and did not want to work out in the heat. So, we formed a limited liability company. Each of them put up an investment, and we purchased more lawn service tools and trucks so we could easily move large mowers around town. The investment was also used to advertise the business. With having more customers now, we hired professional people what would do a great job of mowing yards and would be friendly with our customers. With having more customers, all the investors were paid back their investment and were now making a profit. At this point we were ready to expand our business to include tree service as well as landscaping. We wanted to expand so we could get contracts with the county, city, and state to mow the grass along the highways, interstates, and county roads. To expand our business, we needed a loan. We went to the bank, but they bank said: â€Å"No. Your business is too small and you do not have any assets to cover the loan. So, we decided to form a joint-stock company and made the stockholders liable for debts. In other words, we used their houses and or vehicles as collateral. When we went back to the bank they said: â€Å"Yes, a loan is no problem. If you don’t make good on the loan we’ll use the collateral to repay the debt. † With the money we were ready to expand. At the last minute we decided to buy a piece of property and open up our own nursery. This now allow ed our customers to come and pick out plants that they would like to see in their landscaping instead of us taking them to a competitor to purchase plants. How to cite Business Organization, Papers

Price and Market for Analysis of Airlines Pricing -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePrice and Marketfor Analysis of Airlines Pricing Strategy. Answer: Introduction Airlines have always practiced charging different prices from different customers. In the huge world of aviation history, this phenomenon of different prices exists for every airline, small or big. The airlines charge different prices for the tickets based on flying class, extra services such as meal cost, luggage cost, time of ticket sales, time of flying, season, privilege membership etc. This is termed as price discrimination in economics. The practice of selling the same product or service at different prices to different consumers for maximizing revenue and profit is known as price discrimination (Baumol and Blinder 2015). The sellers act as a monopolist or oligopolists and determine the price through price discrimination. In the airlines industry, the price of the tickets fluctuates over the period of sales. It rises rapidly when the departure date approaches. It is a very important phenomenon because an individual pays a price for the seat, which might be significantly differe nt from the person sitting next to him. This practice helps the airlines to maximize profits multiple times than what they would have made otherwise. This phenomenon is also known as price differentiation or intertemporal price discrimination. This occurs when heterogeneous customers take entry into the market at different point of time, this creates incentives and opportunities for the airlines to discriminate the price and maximize profits (Moulin 2014). The following report focuses on economic analysis of the pricing strategy by the airlines. Price Discrimination Various Aspects of the Exchange Process Price discrimination is a very common practice in the business world. Firms apply this practice to get different prices from different customers. This is a pricing strategy that enables the firms to charge differentiated prices for the same good or service. Under pure price differentiation, the firms charge the maximum price to each consumer, which he is willing to pay. In the common practice, it is seen that firms make segmentations of the consumers based on different attributes and make separate target groups and charge different prices to different customer groups (Varian 2014). When the profit from separate markets is greater than the profit from the combined market, the firms go for price discrimination. The relative demand elasticities of the markets determine the level of price discrimination. In a relatively inelastic market, the price is charged at a higher rate and in the relatively elastic market, price is charged at a lower rate (Baumol and Blinder 2015). Figure 1: Price Discrimination (Source: Varian 2014) There are three types of price discrimination, namely, first degree, second degree and third degree. First degree discrimination arises when a firm charges the maximum price for each unit that a consumer is willing to pay. This process captures the entire consumer surplus for the firm. The second degree occurs when the firms charge different price for different quantities of a product or service consumed. For example, when a firm gives discount on bulk purchases, then second degree discrimination is practiced. In third degree, a company applies price discrimination to different customer groups (Nicholson and Snyder 2014). In case of airlines, the industry has the market with different customer segments. From high value business customers to lower income class and holiday tourists, the airlines have one of the most diverse and segmented markets. The third degree discrimination is most common in this industry. The airline companies make different segments of market based on income, needs, tastes and preferences, and prices accordingly (Chandra and Lederman 2015). The airline companies and different groups of customers are the agents in this system. An airline charges higher price for a particular flight, whose demand is high. Similarly, people prefer to travel on weekends; hence, the weekend flights are more expensive than weekday flights. Price differentiation occurs in the economy and business class tickets, for additional services such as, meals on board, extra leg room, blankets, books, magazines, headphones, luggage, booking time, flying schedule, on and off season, choice of destination etc. Hence , the airlines charges price for convenience. The business class tickets are way too costly than the economy class tickets, but the comfort is much more in the business class, with special services such as extra leg room, complementary meals, extra luggage allowance etc. Again, the flight, which departs at midnight is priced lower than the one that departs in a convenient time in the day. Time of purchase is also crucial in this industry. As the departure date closes in, the price rises considerably. Lower price comes with certain disadvantages such as non transferable and non refundable tickets, no extra luggage allowance, no complementary meals etc. (Escobari and Jindapon 2014). The equilibrium outcome is achieved when the combined profit is maximized. The airlines use techniques, like, Expected Marginal Seat Revenue (EMSR) for optimizing the fare. This system depends on choice and distance of destination, revenue generating opportunities across the network. When the difference between the cost of flying, that is, fuel cost and operating cost and the revenue earned is maximized, equilibrium is reached and fare is decided for different groups of customers (Lazarev 2013). Factors Affecting market Outcomes Over Time There are many factors that can affect the market outcome over time. Firstly, the customer profiling made by the airlines help to set the prices. The airlines can make reasonable assumptions on the profile of passenger traffic on a route and set the prices accordingly. For example, the price for a holiday destination is different from that for a business destination. Similarly, when the airlines assume that tourists generally book for an early morning flight, and months before the holidays, then they are tempted to raise the price high for the seats on the holiday destination routes and would adjust later based on the market demand. On a business route, the airlines start with lower fare to fill up a minimum capacity and then start raising the prices. Majority of the companies have introduced privilege services for high value passengers such as frequent flier miles and extra add on services, like transferable tickets, extra leg room, meals, gifts, discounts etc. (Dai, Liu and Serfes 2014). Secondly, the cost reduction is another major factor that could affect the market outcome. In a competitive industry, fuel efficiency and reduction of total cost can give advantage to the airline companies. This can result in decline in the ticket prices and increase in popularity. Through technological improvement, market integration, and market competition, the companies can develop profit maximizing strategies and fuel efficiency (Marshall 2015). Thirdly, the regulatory policies by the governments affect the market prices for the airlines. In a free market environment, the companies can determine their own pricing as per the competitive advantage to reach their goals in short and long term. However, if the government starts to regulate the prices to reduce the market exploitation, then the impact of price discrimination would be reduced (Chandra and Lederman 2015). Welfare Implications of the Exchange Outcome and Scope for Public Policy Intervention (efficiency vs equity) The exchange outcomes include the operating cost reduction, fuel efficiency and government regulatory policies. With the technological improvement, the airlines can reduce its cost of operations. It also helps in achieving fuel efficiency. This would result in fall in the ticket prices, which would be beneficial for the customers. In this context, the concept of efficiency and equity can be illustrated. Efficiency refers to optimal production and allocation of the given resources with the existing factors of production. On the other hand, equity refers to the way the distribution of resources occurs throughout the entire society. In the airlines industry, efficiency can be achieved in many ways, through quality of product, quality of services and effective pricing (Czerny and Zhang 2014). Technological development can make the flights fuel efficient and increase the level of comfort with the flight. These are preferred by majority of travellers. However, the airlines want to reap off the entire consumer surplus; hence, their revenue is increased at the cost of consumer surplus. There is a scope of welfare in this system, as people can afford comfort by paying a certain cost (Friedman 2017). When the demand functions in several different markets are obtained from the distributions of the reservation prices, with a difference only in averages, there exists certain conditions, which leads to higher output and higher welfare in case of third degree price discrimination in the airlines industry (Cowan 2016). According to Varian (2014), welfare is reduced under price discrimination when the production is not increasing compared to the production under uniform pricing. However, the airlines charge price according to the affordability of the public and offer the services accordingly. This increases welfare. On the other hand, the exchange outcome explains that equity is not achieved. The distribution of resources throughout the society is not equal and the welfare is not generated by it. The airlines distribute the services for all kinds of sections within the society. However, they offer different services for different passenger groups at different prices. Hence, people afford the tickets and services as per their income status. Thus, equity is not achieved through price discrimination (Marshall 2015). The governmental policies work as the public policy intervention in the airlines industry. It should put a price cap on the pricing. After the deregulation of airlines happened in 1978, the airline companies started to make profits by charging different prices from different customers, although the fares became cheap and affordable. The practice is still going on. However, the combined profits of the industry are going down and customer satisfaction level is also going down (Moreno-Izquierdo, Ramn-Rodrguez and Ribes 2015). Due to deregulation, fares were reduced, along with that, the volatile fuel price, international competition with less labour cost, led to welfare generation for the consumers. However, to achieve equity, price discrimination should be reduced, but since, the airlines need to make profits, regulation by the government should be limited to safety (Borenstein, S. and Rose 2014). Conclusion It is a very old practice by the airlines of the world to charge different price for the same product to different groups of consumers. It is a profit maximizing strategy by the airlines. It makes segments of the customers on the basis of income and tastes and preferences. The customers pay different prices for the same services. The airlines make a trade off between high price more convenience and low price less convenience system. The business and economy class have different type of services, such as extra baggage allowance, complementary meals and alcohol, extra leg space etc. Based on the timing of ticket purchase, time of flying, the ticket prices differ. However, through price discrimination, the airlines achieve cost reduction and efficiency, but equity is not achieved. It can be concluded that through government intervention, price cap can be imposed on the business class tickets, but that would not be profitable for the airline companies. The government can impose regulatio ns on safety standard, but price discrimination would continue to be practiced by the airlines industry. References Baumol, W.J. and Blinder, A.S., 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Borenstein, S. and Rose, N.L., 2014. How airline markets work or do they? Regulatory reform in the airline industry. InEconomic Regulation and Its Reform: What Have We Learned?(pp. 63-135). University of Chicago Press. Chandra, A. and Lederman, M., 2015. Revisiting the relationship between competition and price discrimination in the airline industry. Cowan, S., 2016. Welfare?increasing third?degree price discrimination.The RAND Journal of Economics,47(2), pp.326-340. Czerny, A.I. and Zhang, A., 2014. Airport congestion pricing when airlines price discriminate.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,65, pp.77-89. Dai, M., Liu, Q. and Serfes, K., 2014. Is the effect of competition on price dispersion nonmonotonic? evidence from the us airline industry.Review of Economics and Statistics,96(1), pp.161-170. Escobari, D. and Jindapon, P., 2014. Price discrimination through refund contracts in airlines.International Journal of Industrial Organization,34, pp.1-8. Friedman, L.S., 2017.The microeconomics of public policy analysis. Princeton University Press. Lazarev, J., 2013. The welfare effects of intertemporal price discrimination: an empirical analysis of airline pricing in US monopoly markets.Unpublished manuscript. Marshall, G., 2015. Hassle costs and price discrimination: An empirical welfare analysis.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,7(3), pp.123-146. Moreno-Izquierdo, L., Ramn-Rodrguez, A. and Ribes, J.P., 2015. The impact of the internet on the pricing strategies of the European low cost airlines.European Journal of Operational Research,246(2), pp.651-660. Moulin, H., 2014.Cooperative microeconomics: a game-theoretic introduction. Princeton University Press. Nicholson, W. and Snyder, C.M., 2014.Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Cengage Learning. Varian, H.R., 2014.Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.